Proposta de dicionário de aprendizagem : descrição de alguns verbos no contexto do Português do Brasil como segunda língua

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, 2015.Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Centro de Estudos Lexicais e Terminológicos - Centro Lexterm – e está inserida na linha de pesquisa Léxico e Terminologia do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística - PPGL - do Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas - LIP- da Universidade de Brasília - UnB. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e o método descritivo foi adotado para que os fatos de língua sejam coletados, observados, registrados e analisados. O objeto de estudo é a categoria verbo da língua portuguesa com o objetivo de elaborar uma proposta de dicionário de aprendizagem de verbos do Português do Brasil como segunda língua. As razões para a escolha deste objeto de estudo respaldam-se na natureza do verbo, que ocupa lugar privilegiado nos enunciados, pois contém informações que dão movimento ao discurso, que engloba estados e eventos dentro do universo conceitual humano e, desse modo, seleciona e restringe os argumentos que o acompanham nos enunciados, por isso deve ser lexicografado dentro de base teórica e critérios linguísticos e extralinguísticos. Assim, esta pesquisa apresenta noções acerca da aprendizagem de língua, na perspectiva de segunda língua –L2, da natureza do léxico, dos atributos do verbo e dos princípios teóricos da lexicografia para aprendizagem de línguas. A pesquisa sustenta-se na base epistemológica da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional - GDF de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008, 2010), nos estudos teóricos de Chafe (1979), na teoria de valência Borba (1996 e 2003) e da Lexicologia e da Lexicografia, de Rey-Devobe (1971, 1984), Haensch (1982, 1997), Faulstich (1990, 1993, 1998 e 2010) e Lara (1997). A GDF inclui a interação verbal na análise de língua, além das expressões linguísticas, e inclui o componente conceitual, componente contextual, componente de saída na interação verbal, que se interligam ao componente gramatical por meio de operações de formulação e de codificação, seguindo uma organização hierárquica, a top down. Os estudos de Chafe (1979) e Borba (1996) apresentam o sistema sintático-semântico que descreve características dos verbos como de estado, de ação, de processo e de estado-processo, além das informações morfossitáticas como número, pessoa, tempo e modo. A análise dos significados dos verbos é apresentada segundo aspectos sintático-semânticos em enunciados relacionados a 17 contextos situacionais, a saber: alimentação, atividades comerciais, atividades domésticas, clima e tempo, crime e violência, educação, esporte, lazer, moradia, profissão e trabalho, relações sociais, trânsito e transporte, vestimentas e indumentárias e viagem e hospedagem. O resultado deste estudo é a apresentação da proposta Dicionário de aprendizagem de verbos do português do Brasil como segunda língua – Dicverb/PL2 -, para aprendizes da língua portuguesa, em fase inicial de aprendizagem. O Dicveb/PL2 visa a oferecer meios que auxiliem a aprendizagem dos verbos de modo eficiente, dentro de contextos linguístico, situacionais e culturais existentes na língua portuguesa falada no Brasil.This research was developed in Centro de Estudos Lexicais e Terminológicos – Centro Lexterm - and it is inserted in the search line Lexicon and Terminology of the Graduate Program in Linguistics - PPGL - Department of Linguistics, Portuguese and Classical Languages - LIP- University of Brasilia - UnB. The research is qualitative and the descriptive method was adopted for the facts of language are collected, observed, recorded, analyzed. The study object is the verb category of the Portuguese language in order to draft a Portuguese verb learning dictionary of Brazilian Portuguese as a second language – L2. The reasons for choosing this object is because the nature of the verb, that is a kind of word that occupies a special place in the statements, because it contains information that gives movement to the speech, this is a type of word which encompasses states and events within the human conceptual universe and thus selects and restricts the arguments that follow it in the statements, so it should be described in dictionary within theoretical basis and linguistic and extralinguistic criteria. Thus, this research presents notions about language learning from the perspective of second language -L2, the nature of the lexicon, the verb attributes and theoretical principles of pedagogical lexicography. The research supports on the epistemological basis of Functional Discourse Grammar - GDF Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008, 2010), Chafe (1979) and Borba (1996 and 2003), Lexicology and Lexicography, Rey-Devobe (1971, 1984), Haensch (1982, 1997), Faulstich (1990, 1993, 1998 and 2010) and Lara (1997). The GDF includes discursive interaction in the language analysis beyond linguistic expressions, and includes conceptual component, context component output component verbal interaction which interconnect the grammar component by means of formulation and coding operations, following a hierarchical organization, the top down. The study of Chafe (1979) and Borba (1996) presents the syntactic-semantic system that describes characteristics of verbs such as state, action, process and state-process, in addition to morphosyntactic information such as number, person, time and mode. The analysis of the meanings of the verb is presented according to syntactic-semantic aspects in statements related to 17 situational contexts, namely food, business activities, domestic activities, climate and weather, crime and violence, education, sport, leisure, housing, occupation and work, social relations, traffic and transportation, clothing and costumes and travel and lodging. The result of this study is presenting the proposal Dicionário de aprendizagem de verbos do português do Brasil como segunda língua – Dicverb/PL2 -, for beginners of Portuguese Language. The Dicveb/PL2 aims at offering means to assist in verb learning efficiently within Brazilian linguistic, situational and cultural contexts

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Diversity of Brazilian Fungi

Abstract Knowledge about the Brazilian fungal diversity was, until 2010, recorded in few taxonomy and ecology publications, as well as in a handful of species lists. With the publication of the Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil and the continued availability of an online list, it has been possible to aggregate this dispersed knowledge. The version presented here adds 2,111 species names to the 3,608 listed in 2010. A total of 5,719 species of fungi distributed in 1,246 genera, 102 orders and 13 phyla represents a considerable increase over the last five years, when only 924 genera and 78 orders were registered. Basidiomycota (2,741 species in 22 orders) and Ascomycota (1,881 species in 41 orders) predominate over other groups. The Atlantic Rainforest has the largest number of records, with 3,017 species, followed by Amazon Rainforest (1,050), Caatinga (999), Cerrado (638) and Pampa and Pantanal with 84 and 35 species, respectively. The Northeast region has the greatest richness (2,617 species), followed by Southeast (2,252), South (1,995), North (1,301) and Central-West (488 species). Regarding the States of the Federation, São Paulo with 1,846 species, Pernambuco with 1,611 and Rio Grande do Sul with 1,377 species are the most diverse

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data